BingFa
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In my mind, I get the impression that perhaps one reason why Sun Tzu wrote: "Those skilled in doing battle do not raise troops twice. . .", he was indirectly linking this principle with his other teachings which stipulate that:
1. ' To win without fighting is the acme of skill;
2. ' A General must spend time in the Temple making calculations prior to committing his Army to battle; and,
3. 'No nation has ever benefited from protracted warfare.'
Re: #1, a wise General will train his troops and deploy them in such a way as to attack the plans of his potential adversary while the plans are still in the formative stages. Therefore, the mission is accomplished long before it ever becomes necessary to raise more troops a second or third time.
Re: #2, a wise General, who by nature is benevolent toward his troops, will always be dedicated to planning and making calculations in order to decrease the risk of harm to his Army and civilians. As a result, the time spent clarifying the mission and objectives means that it does not become necessary for the General to have to go back to the civil authority/king/President to request more troops.
Just look at the screw-ups by McNamara and Gen. Westmoreland during the build-up of US Forces in Vietnam. They kept going back to President Johnson and requesting more soldiers and all the while they did not have a detailed, unified plan to actually win the war. Although I could be wrong, I believe that Westmoreland should have been relieved of command. As it was, Johnson at least had the sense to "promote" McNamara and get him out of the Pentagon ASAP. BTW, I think McNamara self-serving book from a few years ago reeks of revisionist bullshit and was simply his way of trying to embellish his reputation for the sake of later historians. Pure trash if you ask me. (BTW, I did NOT read his book.)
Re: #3, this is self-evident.
A good example of a protracted war is the Peloponessian War fought between Athens & Sparta as the two main antagonists with numerous supporting characters. That war raged on from about 430 B.C. until around 403 B.C.
Thousands upon thousands of men drowned during storms without ever setting foot on a battlefield. Many thousands more were killed in countless battles.
Sigh.
I have no idea how many times the Spartan and Athenic leaders had to go back and raise more troops but I would imagine that they had to do so many dozens of times over 25+ years.
Sparta finally "won" but their victory contained the seeds of their eventual defeat at the hands of the Thebans. Despite their ancestory, the modern day Greeks, much like the Italians, cann't fight worth shit. Go figure. I don't think the Greeks ever recovered from Lysistrata. 
I have the Penguin edition of the History of the Peloponessian War translated by Paret. The original author, Thucydides, wrote an amazing book and the speeches captured in his book are worth examining if one wants to gain insight into human nature.
Anyway, I was in a bookstore recently and I saw that there apparently is a new translation of Thucydides' History of the Peloponessian War and it looks like it might be a classic. I only spent a few minutes leafing through it but it has some great maps and lucid explanations of numerous battles.
Peace.
-BingFa
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