BingFa
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Reality = Perception + Misperception
As we know, Sun Tzu placed great emphasis on preparing estimates, self-assessment and planning.
Although I may be mistaken, I perceive Sun Tzu's use of the term "ground" to mean not just the physical ground (i.e. terrain) , but rather, the entire environment that one inhabits.
When he wrote "measurements are derived from Ground," I think he was really saying, albeit somewhat cryptically, that a wise general must possess an all-encompassing power of perception and must be able to conceive of the interlocking forces that are ever-present during the period leading up to and during human conflict. The actual terrain is merely one element of the Ground that must be factored into any equation to determine whether one's forces are prepared to do battle.
Once this initial estimate of "Ground" is completed, Sun Tzu suggests that "quantities are derived from measurement, calculations are derived from quantities," and here, Master Wu is speaking about the need to take a realistic and detailed analyses of one's force capability and discern what additional resources one might need prior to engaging the enemy should that become necessary.
While simultaneously assessing and estimating one's own forces/assets/strengths/weaknesses, the wise general is also conducting a "mirror image" assessment of the capabilities and weaknesses of one's potential enemy. And from this, "comparisions are derived from calculations, and victories are derived from comparisions. " And thus, the circle, if you will, is completed.
But is all starts with Ground. A wise General must know not only where his forces and the forces of his potential enemy are located, but far beyond this, is a Higher Ground, that is all-encompassing and includes troop morale; psychological profiles of key commanders on BOTH sides; enemy's likely courses of action; real and potential resources available to BOTH sides; force structure and placement of essential command and control nodes; the impact, if any of the weather and the terrain on any potential operation; deception planning; rear security; and on and on and on.
Sun Tzu is admonishing future generations of warriors that if they intend to go into battle, they must understand the true, complex nature of the interlocking psychological and physical environment (i.e Ground) in which all human events eventually unfold.
War, conflict and competition is incredibly complex because the Human Mind is incredibly complex.
Nevertheless, everything begins with one's perception or misperception of reality.
-BingFa
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